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1 refus
refus [ʀ(ə)fy]masculine noun* * *ʀ(ə)fyce n'est pas de refus — (colloq) I wouldn't say no (colloq)
Phrasal Verbs:* * *ʀ(ə)fy nm1) refusal2)Voulez-vous une bière? - Ce n'est pas de refus. — Would you like a beer? - I wouldn't say no.
* * *refus nm inv refusal (de qch of sth; de faire to do); Équit refusal; c'est un motif valable de refus it's a valid reason for refusing; en cas de refus de ta part if you refuse; opposer un refus à qn to refuse sb's request; refus de la mort/maladie refusal to accept the idea of death/being ill; ce n'est pas de refus○ I wouldn't say no.refus d'obéissance Mil insubordination; Jur contempt of court; refus d'obtempérer refusal to comply; refus de priorité failure to give way.[rəfy] nom masculins'exposer à un refus to run the risk of a refusal ou of being turned downrefus de vente/de priorité/d'obéissance refusal to sell/to give way/to complyI'm afraid I can't possibly do that. Je regrette, mais je ne peux vraiment pasI'm sorry, but it's not up to me. Désolé, ça ne dépend pas de moiI'd like to help you, but there's really nothing I can do. J'aimerais vous aider, mais je ne peux vraiment rien faireIt's out of the question. Il n'en est pas questionNo, I (most certainly) will not! Non (certainement pas) !I won't do it! Je refuse de le faireCertainly not! Certainement pas !You must be joking! Tu veux rire !No way! Pas question !Forget it! Alors là, tu peux toujours courir ! -
2 contumace
contumace [kɔ̃tymas]feminine noun* * *kɔ̃tymas* * *kɔ̃tymas nf* * *contumace nf la procédure de contumace proceedings in the absence of the accused; condamner qn par contumace to sentence sb in absentia.[kɔ̃tymas] nom féminin————————par contumace locution adverbiale -
3 contumacia
contŭmācĭa, ae, f. [contumax], perseverance in one's purpose or opinion, generally in a bad sense, arrogance, inflexibility, contumacy, obstinacy, stubbornness.I.Prop.A.In gen. (in good prose, and very freq.):B.illa tua singularis insolentia, superbia, contumacia,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 41, § 89; so,contumacia et adrogantia,
id. Rosc. Com. 15, 44:contumacia et ferocitas,
Suet. Vit. 2 al.:inter abruptam contumaciam et deforme obsequium pergere iter,
Tac. A. 4, 20 fin.:oris oculorumque illa contumacia ac superbia,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 2, § 5:adversus principem,
Tac. H. 4, 3:parendi,
Plin. Pan. 18:eadem in vultu,
Liv. 2, 61, 6; cf. Tac. A. 1, 24 fin.:responsi tui,
Cic. Pis. 31, 78.— Sometimes in a good sense, firmness, constancy, self-confidence (cf. contumax):Socrates adhibuit liberam contumaciam,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 71; so,maxima innocentiae,
Quint. Decl. 2, 5.—Esp., jurid. t. t., an obstinate disobedience to a judicial order, an obstinate refusal to appear in court, contumacy, Traj. ap. Plin. Ep. 10, 57 (65), 2:II.contumacia eorum, qui jus dicenti non temperant, litis damno coërcetur,
Dig. 42, 1, 53 pr.; cf. contumax, I. B.—Transf., of animals:contumacia pervicax boum,
Col. 6, 2, 11.—Of inanim. things:arborum (with fastidium),
obstinacy in growth, Plin. 16, 32, 58, § 134. -
4 comparaître
comparaître° [kɔ̃paʀεtʀ]➭ TABLE 57 intransitive verb* * *kɔ̃paʀɛtʀ* * *kɔ̃paʀɛtʀ vi* * *comparaître verb table: connaître vi Jur to appear (devant before); être appelé à comparaître to be summoned to appear; citer qn à comparaître to serve sb with a summons; citation à comparaître summons to appear; défaut de comparaître default, failure to appear; refus de comparaître refusal to appear.[kɔ̃parɛtr] verbe intransitifappelé ou cité à comparaître summoned to appear -
5 failure
- jə1) (the state or act of failing: She was upset by her failure in the exam; failure of the electricity supply.) stryk (til eksamen), fiasko; brudd2) (an unsuccessful person or thing: He felt he was a failure.) fiasko3) (inability, refusal etc to do something: his failure to reply.) unnlatelse, manglende evnefiasko--------sviktsubst. \/ˈfeɪljə\/1) fiasko, uheldig utfall2) stranding, sammenbrudd3) mislykket person, fiasko4) fiasko, mislykket forsøk, mislykket foretagende5) ( skolevesen) stryk, det å dumpe6) manglende evne, sviktende evne7) unnlatelse, forsømmelse, brist, mangeldet at han ikke hjalp oss, var skuffende8) mangel, svikt, stans9) bankerott, konkurs, fallitt, krakkbrake failure bremsesviktcourt failure utfordre skjebnencrop failure feilslått høstend in failure mislykkes, få en uheldig utgang, slå feilengine failure motorstoppa failure in life en mislykket eksistensfailure of mangel påfailure to unnlatelse av om det å ikke kunneheart failure hjertesviktpower failure strømavbruddprove a failure eller be a failure være mislykket, være en fiasko, slå feil -
6 Lee, Revd William
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]d. c. 1615[br]English inventor of the first knitting machine, called the stocking frame.[br]It would seem that most of the stories about Lee's invention of the stocking frame cannot be verified by any contemporary evidence, and the first written accounts do not appear until the second half of the seventeenth century. The claim that he was Master of Arts from St John's College, Cambridge, was first made in 1607 but cannot be checked because the records have not survived. The date for the invention of the knitting machine as being 1589 was made at the same time, but again there is no supporting evidence. There is no evidence that Lee was Vicar of Calverton, nor that he was in Holy Orders at all. Likewise there is no evidence for the existence of the woman, whether she was girlfriend, fiancée or wife, who is said to have inspired the invention, and claims regarding the involvement of Queen Elizabeth I and her refusal to grant a patent because the stockings were wool and not silk are also without contemporary foundation. Yet the first known reference shows that Lee was the inventor of the knitting machine, for the partnership agreement between him and George Brooke dated 6 June 1600 states that "William Lee hath invented a very speedy manner of making works usually wrought by knitting needles as stockings, waistcoats and such like". This agreement was to last for twenty-two years, but terminated prematurely when Brooke was executed for high treason in 1603. Lee continued to try and exploit his invention, for in 1605 he described himself as "Master of Arts" when he petitioned the Court of Aldermen of the City of London as the first inventor of an engine to make silk stockings. In 1609 the Weavers' Company of London recorded Lee as "a weaver of silk stockings by engine". These petitions suggest that he was having difficulty in establishing his invention, which may be why in 1612 there is a record of him in Rouen, France, where he hoped to have better fortune. If he had been invited there by Henry IV, his hopes were dashed by the assassination of the king soon afterwards. He was to supply four knitting machines, and there is further evidence that he was in France in 1615, but it is thought that he died in that country soon afterwards.The machine Lee invented was probably the most complex of its day, partly because the need to use silk meant that the needles were very fine. Henson (1970) in 1831 took five pages in his book to describe knitting on a stocking frame which had over 2,066 pieces. To knit a row of stitches took eleven separate stages, and great care and watchfulness were required to ensure that all the loops were equal and regular. This shows how complex the machines were and points to Lee's great achievement in actually making one. The basic principles of its operation remained unaltered throughout its extraordinarily long life, and a few still remained in use commercially in the early 1990s.[br]Further ReadingJ.T.Millington and S.D.Chapman (eds), 1989, Four Centuries of Machine Knitting, Commemorating William Lee's Invention of the Stocking Frame in 1589, Leicester (N.Harte examines the surviving evidence for the life of William Lee and this must be considered as the most up-to-date biographical information).Dictionary of National Biography (this contains only the old stories).Earlier important books covering Lee's life and invention are G.Henson, 1970, History of the Framework Knitters, reprint, Newton Abbot (orig. pub. 1831); and W.Felkin, 1967, History of the Machine-wrought Hosiery and Lace Manufactures, reprint, Newton Abbot (orig. pub. 1867).M.Palmer, 1984, Framework Knitting, Aylesbury (a simple account of the mechanism of the stocking frame).R.L.Hills, "William Lee and his knitting machine", Journal of the Textile Institute 80(2) (a more detailed account).M.Grass and A.Grass, 1967, Stockings for a Queen. The Life of William Lee, the Elizabethan Inventor, London.RLH
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